|
The German Order of Harugari, sometimes called the Ancient Order of Harugari or by its German name, Der Deutsche Orden der Harugari, is a mutual benefit and cultural association of German Americans founded in New York City in 1847 that was at one time the largest German secret society in the USA.〔("The Order of Harugari: It Was Founded in New-York on German Mythology. Started for Defense - Perpetuated for Charity. Its Lodges Are Found in Nearly All the States, and Its Benefits Have Been Felt Throughout the Land - A Sketch of the Order," ) ''New York Times'', August 25, 1895, p. 16 (pdf).〕 == History == The order was established on March 9, 1847, by Philipp Merkle,〔Stanley Nadel, ''Little Germany: Ethnicity, Religion, and Class in New York City, 1845-80'', University of Illinois Press, 1990, ISBN 0-252-01677-7, (p. 111 ) ; the ''New York Times'' has "Philip Merkel"〕 Fredrich Germann, Peter Schnatz, T. Rodrian, J. Deger, I. Germann, W. Schwartz, A. Glahn, V. Denzer, and S. Merz.〔〔Georg Schuster, ''Die Geheimen Gesellschaften, Verbindungen und Orden'', Volume 2 Leipzig: Theodor Leibing, 1906, (p. 512 ) asserts there were 12 founders, not 10.〕 The objectives were mutual protection in a time of high German immigration and anti-German sentiment in the U.S., and preservation of German language and culture.〔〔Joseph Anderson, Sarah Johnson Prichard, Anna Lydia Ward, ''The Town and City of Waterbury, Connecticut from the Aboriginal Period to the Year 1895'', 3 vols. New Haven: Price & Lee, 1896, vol. 3, (p. 1158 ).〕 The order forbade discussion of religion, politics, or social issues.〔Nadel, pp. 111-12.〕 The word ''harugari'' refers to worshipers in a sacred grove, or ''haruc'', and demonstrates the founders' inspiration in Germanic paganism.〔 It was also identified with the ancient Germanic tribe, the Cherusci; the order's first lodge, Arminia #1, was named for their leader Arminius, who defeated Publius Quinctilius Varus and destroyed three Roman legions in the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest.〔Albert C. Stevens, ''The Cyclopaedia of Fraternities: A Compilation of Existing Authentic Information and the Results of Original Investigation as to the Origin, Derivation, Founders, Development, Aims, Emblems, Character, and Personnel of More Than Six Hundred Secret Societies in the United States'', New York: Treat, 1899, , p. 235.〕 The order grew slowly but steadily, being introduced successively into Pennsylvania, Illinois, Massachusetts, New Jersey, Maryland and Ohio.〔 Membership declined in the final decades of the nineteenth century as German immigrants became more assimilated. 〔Kazal, (p. 90 ).〕 In 1860 there was a split between two competing sections of the order,〔Arthur Preuss, ''A Dictionary of Secret and Other Societies'' St. Louis: Herder, 1924, repr. Detroit: Gale, 1966, , p. 150〕 the Independent Order of Harugari and the Ancient German Order of Harugari. These merged in January 1869 into Der Deutsche Orden der Harugari.〔''Northeastern Reporter'', Volume 85, West Publishing Company, 1909, (p. 655 ).〕 There was also a German Order of the Harugari of Illinois, organized in 1869 and incorporated independently in that state.〔According to Preuss, in 1923 either this group or the national organization (which is not clear) had 42 lodges with 1,101 benefit and 52 social members in 1923.〕 A Harugari Cemetery was established in 1877 in Manchester, Missouri.〔Mary Shapiro, ("Manchester seeks stewardship of Harugari Cemetery" ), Suburban Journals, ''St. Louis Post-Dispatch'', May 16, 2012.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「German Order of Harugari」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|